The Chilean elections of December 2009 and January 2010

On 13 December 2009, seven million Chileans went to the polls to elect the president who would run their country from 2010 to 2014, as well as lower chamber representatives of the country’s sixty electoral districts. The congressional election was characterized by continuity, with the center-left Concertación (CPD) and the center-right Alianza Por Chile (APC) confirmed as the two dominant congressional blocs. At the party level, the rightist Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI) continued as the largest single party in electoral terms, while the Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC) continued its gradual but steady decline. The only novelty at the congressional level was the election of three congressional representatives from the Partido Comunista (PC), enabled by a pragmatic pact with the CPD to end its exclusion from the chamber. In terms of voter turnout and citizenship’s participation in elections, this electoral cycle was also characterized by continuity, with turnout reaching 84% of registered voters (close to the average for post-1990 elections), but with the percentage of the eligible population registered to vote dropping to an all-time low of 68%

Deep-HiTS: Rotation Invariant Convolutional Neural Network for Transient Detection

We introduce Deep-HiTS, a rotation invariant convolutional neural network (CNN) model for classifying images of transients candidates into artifacts or real sources for the High cadence Transient Survey (HiTS). CNNs have the advantage of learning the features automatically from the data while achieving high performance. We compare our CNN model against a feature engineering approach using random forests (RF). We show that our CNN significantly outperforms the RF model reducing the error by almost half. Furthermore, for a fixed number of approximately 2,000 allowed false transient candidates per night we are able to reduce the miss-classified real transients by approximately 1/5. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time CNNs have been used to detect astronomical transient events. Our approach will be very useful when processing images from next generation instruments such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). We have made all our code and data available to the community for the sake of allowing further developments and comparisons at https://github.com/guille-c/Deep-HiTS

Remodeling the sense of leadership within contemporary school organizations: Distributed leadership perspective

El liderazgo en las organizaciones escolares tiene una amplia base empírica y teórica que lo avala como factor de efectividad escolar. Alcanzando notoriedad por su estudio, programas de formación en políticas educativas y por sus efectos en procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Las interrogantes de la problemática de discusión y sistematización de conocimiento, en que se enmarca esta revisión, se manifiestan en responder cómo se ha reconfigurado el liderazgo educativo, las características que le han identificado y cuál enfoque emerge como referente de mejora escolar sostenible, para un contexto iberoamericano. Constatándose como resultado una alta referencia en torno al liderazgo distribuido y sus diferentes adjetivaciones, destacándolo como opción y estrategia para afrontar desafíos de calidad y equidad. No obstante, es baja la cantidad de investigaciones, a gran escala y comparativa, que relacione cualquiera de las interpretaciones del liderazgo distribuido con mejora de la eficacia escolar.Leadership within school organizations has a wide empirical and theoretical base supporting its significance and relevance in effectiveness at school, achieving notoriety for its study, training programs in educational policies and its impact on teaching and learning processes. Questions around the issue of discussion and systematization of knowledge, where this work is framed, are expressed as a response on how the educative leadership has been remodeled, what major features have essentially identified it and what approach is emerging as a reference for a sustained improvement at schools, for an Ibero-American context. Results show a high reference around distributed leadership and its different variations, highlighting it as an option and a strategy to address challenges of quality and equity. However, large scale and comparative research that relates any of the interpretations of distributed leadership with an improvement of school efficiency is scarce

Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on the Composition of Marine Biofouling in Seawater Transportation Pipelines

The use of seawater for mining purposes in Chile has progressively increased in recent years as fast as the interest on the negative effects of biofouling on the inner part of pipelines used to transport seawater. To prevent biofouling, chemical antifouling compounds are traditionally used, thus, causing negative environmental impacts. The aim of this research has, therefore, been to evaluate the efficiency of static magnetic fields (SMF) generators to mitigate the biofouling. Hence, experimental activities have been conducted on high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes equipped with neodymium magnets during two experimental periods in the year of 2019, i.e., autumn–winter (A–W) and spring–summer (S–S), and under two types of SMF, i.e., continuous-type (PCS) and pulse-type (PPS). Physicochemical parameters and cell viability of microorganisms composing the biofilm were investigated. Metagenomic analyses on biofilm were conducted as well. The results showed that the cell viability was the highest, i.e., 757,780 cells/cm2, during S–S and the lowest, i.e., 349,151 cells/cm2, in A–W, both under PCS. In S–S, as well as A–W, biofilm was characterized for the most abundant eukaryotic operational taxonomic units (OTUs) under PPS conditions. The presence of OTUs, such as Articiflavibacter spp., Chaetonotida spp. and Desmodorida spp., was observed only from SMF tests.This research was funded by ANID/FONDEF/IDEA, grant number ID15I10487, and, in part, by the Programa Semilleros de Investigación: “Caracterización de una línea base para el análisis y determinación de los componentes celulares”, by the Fondo para el Desarrollo en investigación científica y/o tecnológica de actividades de titulación de pregrado 2018: “Producción de metabolitos de alto valor económico mediante exposición a un campo magnético estático tipo continuo y tipo pulso en las microalgas Scenedesmus obliquus y Nannochloropsis gaditana”, by Programa Asignación año 2021 de Asistentes de investigación de la Universidad de Antofagasta código ANT20992 and partially supported by “Antonio Panico visit at the Universidad de Antofagasta” and supported by MINEDUC-UA project code ANT1999

Tiempo de compromiso motor en educación física para enseñanza primaria. Una revisión sistemática

Motor commitment time (MCT) has relevant implications in the Physical Education class, since it is related to the regular physical activity that a child or adolescent should perform and the suggestions of international organizations in relation to the minimum amount required for the maintenance of health. The aim of this work is to analyze the engagement motor time in physical education classes in primary education through a systematic review. The search was made in Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC and Dialnet, selecting articles published between 2009 and the first semester of 2021. Applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were selected, comprising a study population of 1262 students. The MCT is low in the classes observed, and moderate to vigorous physical activity presents declining data. In the study with the best result, the MCT reaches 46.67 % and, in the remaining studies, 43.44 %, 42.8 %, 41.45 %, 32 %, 31.5 %, 28.53 % and 18.10 %. Boys achieve higher MCT than girls; boys and girls in the early ages achieve higher participation and have more physical activity; the morning schedule and some didactic units favor a higher MCT. It was found that the MCT is low in Physical Education classes, and that time management in the class conditions the magnitude of the physical activity carried out by boys and girls. The motor engagement time achieved in the class is insufficient to cover the minimum suggestions for physical activity in the school period.El tiempo de compromiso motor (TCM) tiene implicaciones relevantes en la clase de Educación Física, dado que está relacionado con la actividad física regular que debe realizar un niño o adolescente y las sugerencias de organizaciones internacionales en relación con la mínima cantidad requerida para el mantenimiento de la salud. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el tiempo de compromiso motor en clases de Educación Física en enseñanza primaria a partir de una revisión sistemática. La búsqueda se hizo en Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC y Dialnet, seleccionando artículos publicados entre 2009 y el primer semestre de 2021. Aplicando criterios de inclusión y exclusión, fueron seleccionados ocho artículos que comprenden una población de estudio de 1262 alumnos. El TCM es bajo en las clases observadas, y la actividad física de moderada a vigorosa presenta datos a la baja. En el estudio de mejor resultado, el TCM alcanza el 46,67 % y, en los restantes, 43,44 %, 42,8 %, 41,45 %, 32 %, 31,5 %, 28,53 % y 18,10 %. Los niños logran mayor TCM que las niñas; niños y niñas en las primeras edades logran mayor participación y tienen más actividad física; el horario matutino y algunas unidades didácticas favorecen un mayor TCM. Se constata que el TCM es bajo en las clases de Educación Física, y que la gestión del tiempo en la clase condiciona la magnitud de la actividad física que realizan niños y niñas. El tiempo de compromiso motor alcanzado en la clase es insuficiente para cubrir las sugerencias mínimas de actividad física en el período escolar

Contribution of computational model for assessment of heart tissue local stress caused by suture in LVAD implantation

Study: Implantation of a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) may produce both excessive local tissue stress and resulting strain-induced tissue rupture that are potential iatrogenic factors influencing the success of the surgical attachment of the LVAD into the myocardium. By using a computational simulation compared to mechanical tests, we sought to investigate the characteristics of stress-induced suture material on porcine myocardium. Methods: Tensile strength experiments (n = 8) were performed on bulk left myocardium to establish a hyperelastic reduced polynomial constitutive law. Simultaneously, suture strength tests on left myocardium (n = 6) were performed with a standard tensile test setup. Experiments were made on bulk ventricular wall with a single U-suture (polypropylene 3–0) and a PTFE pledget. Then, a Finite Element simulation of a LVAD suture case was performed. Strength versus displacement behavior was compared between mechanical and numerical experiments. Local stress fields in the model were thus analyzed. Results: A strong correlation between the experimental and the numerical responses was observed, validating the relevance of the numerical model. A secure damage limit of 100 kPa on heart tissue was defined from mechanical suture testing and used to describe numerical results. The impact of suture on heart tissue could be accurately determined through new parameters of numerical data (stress diffusion, triaxiality stress). Finally, an ideal spacing between sutures of 2 mm was proposed. Conclusion: Our computational model showed a reliable ability to provide and predict various local tissue stresses created by suture penetration into the myocardium. In addition, this model contributed to providing valuable information useful to design less traumatic sutures for LVAD implantation. Therefore, our computational model is a promising tool to predict and optimize LVAD myocardial suture

Distributed Leadership from the perspective of Network Analysis: An experience in vulnerable and effective schools in Chile.

El presente estudio es una de las primeras aproximaciones a la distribución de liderazgo en organizaciones escolares de Chile. Esta perspectiva intenta superar las visiones tradicionales al comprender este factor como una función que se distribuye en la organización y por ello puede ser ejercida, no sólo en forma tradicional por el Director o Directora, sino por varios actores lo que permite ampliar sus posibilidades. Se trata de una muestra de 51 escuelas primarias vulnerables, de diversas regiones, que en periodos consecutivos lograron destacarse en la prueba SIMCE (Prueba estandarizada de aprendizajes de Chile), entre sus similares. La metodología utilizada es también novedosa en nuestro contexto, pues se utiliza el “Análisis de Redes Sociales” (ARS), que permiterecoger las relaciones de influencia reales que ocurren en la organización. Se presentan los resultados en casos seleccionados, para recoger las relaciones de influencia en los temas de Gestión directiva y Gestión Pedagógica.This article is one of the first approaches to the distribution of leadership in school organizations in Chile. This perspective tries to overcome traditional views by understanding this factor as a function that is distributed in the organization and therefore, can be exercised, not only in a traditional way by the Principal, but by several people which allows to expand their possibilities. It consists in a sample of 51 vulnerable primary schools, from several districts, which in consecutive periods managed to stand out in the SIMCE (Standardized Test of Learning in Chile), among its similar ones. The methodology used is also new in our context, using the "Social Network Analysis" (ARS), which allows us to collect the real influence relationships that take place in the organization. The results are presented in selected cases, to gather the influencing relationships in the subjects of Management and Pedagogical Management

Nivel de satisfacción de las clases online por parte de los estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile en tiempos de pandemia.

Introduction: In Chile the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed on March 3, 2020 and on the eighteenth of the same month the president decreed state of catastrophe, so that classes at school and university level went from the presence to the virtuality. The present study aims to know the level of satisfaction of the virtual classes of the students of Physical Education. Methodology: Quantitative, non experimental, transversal. The sample consisted of 542 students of Physical Education from different study houses in Chile. The Satisfaction scale online classes was adapted and validated. Results: there are significant differences comparing theoretical and practical subjects, with theoretical chairs being better valued. Differences were also found by sex, where males have a more negative perception about virtual classes and when comparing by course, freshmen have a more positive perception about virtual classes in relation to higher courses. Conclusions: there is a resistance on the part of students to virtual classes in Physical Education, because, although significant differences were found between the theoretical and practical subjects, values were always around 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. Future research with other variables such as physical activity, stress levels and strategies for the teaching of Virtual Physical Education are necessary. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]Introducción: En Chile el primer caso de COVID-19 fue diagnosticado el tres de marzo del 2020 y el día dieciocho del mismo mes el presidente decreto estado de catástrofe, por lo que las clases a nivel escolar y universitario pasaron de la presencialidad a la virtualidad. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el nivel de satisfacción de las clases virtuales de los estudiantes de Educación Física. Metodología: Cuantitativa, no experimental, transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 542 alumnos de Educación Física de diferentes casas de estudio de Chile. Se adaptó y validó la escala Satisfacción clases online. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas comparando las asignaturas teóricas y prácticas, siendo mejor valoradas las cátedras teóricas. También se encontraron diferencias por sexo, donde los varones poseen una percepción más negativa sobre las clases virtuales y al comparar por curso, los alumnos de primer año poseen una percepción más positiva sobre las clases virtuales en relación con los cursos superiores. Conclusiones: existe una resistencia por parte de los alumnos a las clases virtuales en la Educación Física, pues, si bien se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las asignaturas teóricas y prácticas, los valores siempre estuvieron alrededor de 3 en una escala de 1 a 5. Se hacen necesarias futuras investigaciones con otras variables como actividad física, niveles de estrés y estrategias para la enseñanza de la Educación Física virtual

Coalescent Simulations Reveal Hybridization and Incomplete Lineage Sorting in Mediterranean Linaria

We examined the phylogenetic history of Linaria with special emphasis on the Mediterranean sect. Supinae (44 species). We revealed extensive highly supported incongruence among two nuclear (ITS, AGT1) and two plastid regions (rpl32-trnLUAG, trnS-trnG). Coalescent simulations, a hybrid detection test and species tree inference in *BEAST revealed that incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization may both be responsible for the incongruent pattern observed. Additionally, we present a multilabelled *BEAST species tree as an alternative approach that allows the possibility of observing multiple placements in the species tree for the same taxa. That permitted the incorporation of processes such as hybridization within the tree while not violating the assumptions of the *BEAST model. This methodology is presented as a functional tool to disclose the evolutionary history of species complexes that have experienced both hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. The drastic climatic events that have occurred in the Mediterranean since the late Miocene, including the Quaternary-type climatic oscillations, may have made both processes highly recurrent in the Mediterranean flora